Can the Glasgow prognostic score predict ischemic stroke in patients with infective endocarditis?

OBJECTIVE: The Glasgow prognosis score is a simple parameter calculated using serum levels of albumin and C-reactive protein. The aim of this study was to examine whether this parameter may predict ischemic stroke in patients with infective endocarditis. METHODS: A total of 80 patients who were diagnosed with definitive infective endocarditis according to Duke criteria between 2016 and 2023 were included in the study. Glasgow prognosis score was based on serum levels of albumin and C-reactive protein. In imaging methods, patients were divided into two groups according to whether they had a stroke or not. These two groups were compared in terms of biochemical parameters, and infective endocarditis findings on echocardiography and Glasgow prognosis score. RESULTS: We found that the results were statistically similar except for serum C-reactive protein (Group 1: 54.9±71.1 and Group 2: 39±70.7; p=0.03), neutrophil (Group 1: 19.8±10.8*109/L and Group 2: 13.3±7.3*109/L; p=0.014), albumin (Group 1: 2.3±0.6 and Group 2: 2.8±0.5; p=0.03), and Glasgow prognosis score (Group 1: median 2, min.-max. (1-2) and Group 2: median 1, min.-max. (0-1); p=0.004). In the receiver operating characteristics analysis, Glasgow prognosis score had 82.4% sensitivity and 58.3% specificity in predicting ischemic stroke if the Glasgow prognosis score cutoff was ≥1. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, chronic renal failure [odds ratio (OR): 1.098; 95% confidence interval: 1.054-1.964; p=0.044], age (OR: 1.050; 95%CI 1.006-1.096; p=0.024), and Glasgow prognosis score (OR: 0.695; 95%CI 0.411-0.949; p=0.035) were independent variables in predicting ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION: High Glasgow prognosis score is an independent predictor of ischemic stroke in patients with infective endocarditis. Glasgow prognosis score, determined using albumin and C-reactive protein levels, is a simple and practical index for predicting the prognosis of patients hospitalized with infective endocarditis.

Índice Imunoinflamatório Sistêmico como Determinante de Carga Aterosclerótica e Pacientes de Alto Risco com Síndromes Coronarianas Agudas / Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Index as a Determinant of Atherosclerotic Burden and High-Risk Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes

Resumo Fundamento O índice imunoinflamatório sistêmico (IIS), derivado das contagens de neutrófilos, plaquetas e linfócitos, representa o equilíbrio homeostático entre os estados inflamatório, imune e trombótico. O IIS é superior a índices como a relação neutrófilos-linfócitos no prognóstico de várias malignidades, além de ser um melhor preditor de futuros eventos cardíacos que os fatores de risco tradicionais após a intervenção coronariana. Objetivos Este estudo objetivou avaliar a relação do IIS com a carga aterosclerótica e complicações hospitalares em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. Métodos Desfechos clínicos, como extensão do dano miocárdico, carga aterosclerótica, sangramento, insuficiência renal aguda, duração da internação e mortalidade hospitalar, foram avaliados em uma coorte retrospectiva de 309 pacientes consecutivos com síndrome coronariana aguda. O IIS foi calculado como (plaqueta x neutrófilos)/contagem de linfócitos na admissão. A população estudada foi categorizada em tercis de IIS. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados Os maiores valores de IIS foram encontrados em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (641,4 com angina pectoris instável, 843,0 com infarto do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e 996,0 com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; p=0,004). Concentração máxima de troponina (0,94 versus 1,26 versus 3; p<0,001), número de vasos doentes (1 versus 2 versus 2; p<0,001), escore SYNTAX ( The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery — sinergia entre intervenção coronária percutânea com taxus e cirurgia cardíaca) (9 versus 14 versus 17,5; p<0,001) e duração da internação (2 versus 2 versus 3; p<0,001) também aumentaram de acordo com o tercil de IIS (tercil 1 versus tercil 2 versus tercil 3). O IIS foi um preditor independente de escore SYNTAX (ß: 0,232 [0,001 a 0,003]; p<0,001), extensão do dano miocárdico (ß: 0,152 [0 a 0,001]; p=0,005) e duração da internação (ß: 0,168 [0,0 a 0,001]; p=0,003). Conclusões Este estudo demonstrou que o IIS, um índice hematológico simples, é um marcador melhor de carga aterosclerótica e internação mais longa do que fatores de risco bem conhecidos em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda de alto risco.

Abstract Background Systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII), which is derived from neutrophil, platelet and lymphocyte counts, represents the homeostatic balance among inflammatory, immune and thrombotic status. The systemic immune-inflammatory index is superior to indices such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in predicting prognosis in various malignancies, while it is shown to predict future cardiac events better than traditional risk factors after coronary intervention. Objectives Herein, we aimed to evaluate the relationship of the systemic immune-inflammatory index with atherosclerotic burden and in-hospital complications in acute coronary syndrome patients. Methods The clinical outcomes, such as extent of myocardial damage, atherosclerotic burden, bleeding, acute kidney injury, duration of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality, were evaluated in a retrospective cohort of 309 consecutive acute coronary syndrome patients. The systemic immune-inflammatory index was calculated as (Platelet X Neutrophil)/Lymphocyte count on admission. Study population was categorized into tertiles with regard to systemic immune-inflammatory index. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The highest systemic immune-inflammatory index values were within ST elevation myocardial infarction patients (641.4 in unstable angina pectoris, 843.0 in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients and 996.0 in ST elevation myocardial infarction patients; p=0.004). Maximal troponin concentration (0.94 vs. 1.26 vs. 3; p<0.001), number of diseased vessels (1 vs. 2 vs. 2; p<0.001), the SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and coronary artery bypass grafting) score (9 vs. 14 vs. 17.5; p<0.001) and duration of hospital stay (2 vs. 2 vs. 3; p<0.001) also increased with increasing SIItertile(tertile1 vs. tertile 2 vs. tertile 3). Systemic immune-inflammatory index was an independent predictor of SYNTAX score (ß: 0.232 [0.001 to 0.003]; p<0.001), extent of myocardial damage (ß: 0.152 [0 to 0.001]; p=0.005) and duration of hospital stay (ß: 0.168 [0.0 to 0.001]; p=0.003). Conclusions This study has demonstrated that the systemic immune-inflammatory index, a simple hematological index, is a marker of atherosclerotic burden and longer hospital stay on well-known risk factors in high risk acute coronary syndrome patients.

Systemic Immune-Inflammatory Index as a Determinant of Atherosclerotic Burden and High-Risk Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. / Índice Imunoinflamatório Sistêmico como Determinante de Carga Aterosclerótica e Pacientes de Alto Risco com Síndromes Coronarianas Agudas.

BACKGROUND: Systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII), which is derived from neutrophil, platelet and lymphocyte counts, represents the homeostatic balance among inflammatory, immune and thrombotic status. The systemic immune-inflammatory index is superior to indices such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in predicting prognosis in various malignancies, while it is shown to predict future cardiac events better than traditional risk factors after coronary intervention. OBJECTIVES: Herein, we aimed to evaluate the relationship of the systemic immune-inflammatory index with atherosclerotic burden and in-hospital complications in acute coronary syndrome patients. METHODS: The clinical outcomes, such as extent of myocardial damage, atherosclerotic burden, bleeding, acute kidney injury, duration of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality, were evaluated in a retrospective cohort of 309 consecutive acute coronary syndrome patients. The systemic immune-inflammatory index was calculated as (Platelet X Neutrophil)/Lymphocyte count on admission. Study population was categorized into tertiles with regard to systemic immune-inflammatory index. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The highest systemic immune-inflammatory index values were within ST elevation myocardial infarction patients (641.4 in unstable angina pectoris, 843.0 in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction patients and 996.0 in ST elevation myocardial infarction patients; p=0.004). Maximal troponin concentration (0.94 vs. 1.26 vs. 3; p<0.001), number of diseased vessels (1 vs. 2 vs. 2; p<0.001), the SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and coronary artery bypass grafting) score (9 vs. 14 vs. 17.5; p<0.001) and duration of hospital stay (2 vs. 2 vs. 3; p<0.001) also increased with increasing SIItertile(tertile1 vs. tertile 2 vs. tertile 3). Systemic immune-inflammatory index was an independent predictor of SYNTAX score (ß: 0.232 [0.001 to 0.003]; p<0.001), extent of myocardial damage (ß: 0.152 [0 to 0.001]; p=0.005) and duration of hospital stay (ß: 0.168 [0.0 to 0.001]; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that the systemic immune-inflammatory index, a simple hematological index, is a marker of atherosclerotic burden and longer hospital stay on well-known risk factors in high risk acute coronary syndrome patients.

FUNDAMENTO: O índice imunoinflamatório sistêmico (IIS), derivado das contagens de neutrófilos, plaquetas e linfócitos, representa o equilíbrio homeostático entre os estados inflamatório, imune e trombótico. O IIS é superior a índices como a relação neutrófilos-linfócitos no prognóstico de várias malignidades, além de ser um melhor preditor de futuros eventos cardíacos que os fatores de risco tradicionais após a intervenção coronariana. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo objetivou avaliar a relação do IIS com a carga aterosclerótica e complicações hospitalares em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. MÉTODOS: Desfechos clínicos, como extensão do dano miocárdico, carga aterosclerótica, sangramento, insuficiência renal aguda, duração da internação e mortalidade hospitalar, foram avaliados em uma coorte retrospectiva de 309 pacientes consecutivos com síndrome coronariana aguda. O IIS foi calculado como (plaqueta x neutrófilos)/contagem de linfócitos na admissão. A população estudada foi categorizada em tercis de IIS. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. RESULTADOS: Os maiores valores de IIS foram encontrados em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (641,4 com angina pectoris instável, 843,0 com infarto do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e 996,0 com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; p=0,004). Concentração máxima de troponina (0,94 versus 1,26 versus 3; p<0,001), número de vasos doentes (1 versus 2 versus 2; p<0,001), escore SYNTAX ( The SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and cardiac surgery ­ sinergia entre intervenção coronária percutânea com taxus e cirurgia cardíaca) (9 versus 14 versus 17,5; p<0,001) e duração da internação (2 versus 2 versus 3; p<0,001) também aumentaram de acordo com o tercil de IIS (tercil 1 versus tercil 2 versus tercil 3). O IIS foi um preditor independente de escore SYNTAX (ß: 0,232 [0,001 a 0,003]; p<0,001), extensão do dano miocárdico (ß: 0,152 [0 a 0,001]; p=0,005) e duração da internação (ß: 0,168 [0,0 a 0,001]; p=0,003). CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo demonstrou que o IIS, um índice hematológico simples, é um marcador melhor de carga aterosclerótica e internação mais longa do que fatores de risco bem conhecidos em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda de alto risco.